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The Ultimate Breakthrough:
Validity of “Apparent Efficiency > 100%”!!

This is not “magic” or “free energy” violating the Law of Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics). It is a legitimate scientific consequence based on solid physics.We present a complete theory of motors that exceed 100% efficiency without violating the law of conservation of energy.

Three-Phase Symmetry as a Design Constraint

Since the independent discoveries of rotating magnetic fields by Nikola Tesla (1887) and Galileo Ferraris (1888), three-phase symmetry has served as the foundational design principle in alternating current motor engineering. Every standard reference—from Park (1929) to Krause et al. (2013)—derives the machine performance equations under the assumption that the three phases are electromagnetically identical and electrically balanced, that is, equal impedances, equal currents, and 120° electrical separations. This symmetry ensures constant instantaneous shaft power, suppresses vibration, and eliminates negative-sequence heating. Deviations from this balanced configuration have historically been classified as fault conditions that require mitigation. It is important to note that Park’s dq-transformation remains a valid mathematical tool regardless of whether a machine operates symmetrically; the T-REC framework departs from the design convention of a balanced, symmetric operation, not from the mathematical formalism of Park’s transformation.

At every phase-switching event, a conventional three-phase permanent-magnet (PM) motor dissipates 3–8 % of the input power as magnetic surge energy quenched by freewheel diodes. Recovering even a fraction of this energy across the global fleet would have a climate impact rivalling several hundred gigawatts (GW) of additional renewable energy produced.

In constructing the T-REC theory, we began our theoretical pursuit by considering the magnetic energy to be recovered in efficiency calculations.

This magnetic energy loss is released as enormous amounts of heat and vibration. However, modern motors have achieved sufficient efficiency, and this type of energy loss now accounts for only A few percent of the total. Recent permanent magnet motors (PM motors) have successfully suppressed the enormous magnetic energy loss inherent in permanent magnets.

However, the T-REC theory focuses on this discarded and suppressed magnetic energy. It proposes recovering this magnetic energy loss using an LC resonant circuit before it is converted into heat and vibration.

This mechanism is formally analogous to that of an exhaust-driven turbocharger. A turbocharged engine recaptures the enthalpy from the exhaust stream, which would otherwise escape as waste heat, to pre-compress the intake charge, thereby increasing the specific work output per cylinder cycle. The apparent efficiency gain arises not from energy creation but from reopening an accounting boundary that was previously assumed to be closed.

T-REC applies identical logic to the electromagnetic domain. The “exhaust” is the back-EMF surge quenched by the freewheel diodes in a conventional drive; the “turbine” is the parallel LC tank; the “pre-compressed charge” is the positive assist pulse that augments the drive-phase current in the next commutation window. All recirculated energy originates from the same external supply that initially magnetizes the coil, and global energy conservation is maintained at all times.

Key Physical Mechanism. A parallel LC tank, whose resonant frequency is tuned to the nominal electrical frequency (ωe = 1/√(L·Cp)), presents maximum impedance to the back-EMF surge at commutation, forcing the surge energy to circulate within the tank rather than dissipating through the inverter freewheel path. The confinement coefficient σrec, derived from first principles via an RLC energy balance, quantifies the fraction of the released magnetic energy that is successfully re-injected as useful mechanical work. For the fabricated prototype, σrec = 0.202 (theoretical bound: σrec,max = 0.316; QED decoherence bound: σrec,QED = 0.44).

Energy Conservation and COP Analogy. T-REC does not violate the first law of thermodynamics. A rigorous proof establishes that, in the steady state, the time-averaged real power from the external DC bus is equal to the sum of the mechanical output and all dissipative losses, Specifically, the reported apparent efficiency ηapp is a coefficient of performance (COP) analog, defined exclusively against the external DC bus real power, which is analogous to heat. The 267 % figure does not imply energy creation; instead, it reflects a deliberate and fully disclosed redefinition of the input power accounting boundary.

Experimental Results. A 1.8 kW prototype was tested on February 18, 2026, at the Korea Automotive Technology Institute (KATEC, ISO/IEC 17025 accredited). At 3,604  a rated load, the prototype produced 2,692 W of shaft power from 1,008 W of the actual DC bus input, yielding ηapp = 267.1 %.

We present the “Topological Regenerative Energy Circulation (T-REC) theory“, a unified Maxwell–Lagrangian framework that deliberately violates the century-old doctrine of three-phase symmetry in PM motors. By dynamically assigning each stator phase one of three distinct roles—drive (U), regenerative recovery (V), and LC-resonant reservoir (W)— the T-REC captures the magnetic surge energy released at every commutation event and re-injects it as a positive torque-assist pulse in the next drive cycle.

The basis of this theory lies in the fact that the main component of cogging torque could be made “zero” through the geometric structural design of the motor.

Therefore, the motor’s structural design is symmetrical, yet electromagnetically asymmetrical. This motor design theory (patented technology) is a crucial element for the validity of this theory.

Within each electrical half-period, the T-REC executes a four-step energy cycle defined by the rotor’s instantaneous electrical angle as follows

• Step 1—Accumulation [0° → 1st phase angle]: The LC tank discharges, neutralizing the back-EMF barrier as the rotor approaches stator-pole . The kinetic energy is rapidly stored in the coil as magnetic energy.
• Step 2—Climax [2nd phase angle]: The stator and rotor poles are directly aligned, and the inductance L reaches its maximum (dL/dθ = 0). Parallel resonance is fully established, and the and external current inputs are effectively sequestered.
• Step 3—Explosion [3rd phase angle]: As the rotor moves away, L decreases significantly . The accumulated magnetic energy is liberated as kinetic energy, that is, as a turbocharger boost pulse.
• Step 4—Regeneration [4th phase angle → 0°]: The resi dual surge energy not consumed in Step 3 is captured and used to recharge the LC tank, minimizing thermal loss and resetting the system for the next cycle.

Our vision is based on this T-REC theory, and we believe that the social implementation of motors based on this theory can make a significant contribution to addressing energy and global environmental issues.